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In psychoanalytic theory, the reality principle is a proposed mechanism that counteracts the pleasure principle, delaying immediate gratification when it collides with the demands of external reality. For example, value theory is concerned with the reality of values, and the philosophy of mathematics explores in what sense mathematical objects, like numbers and sets, form part of reality. Different worldviews offer distinct answers to existential questions about meaning, morality, and the nature of reality, such as the contrast between religious and secular worldviews. Accordingly, worldviews address not only theoretical matters but also practical and evaluative outlooks about what matters and how one should act. One perspective holds that such objects are illusory or unreal because they lack existence in the physical world outside the simulation. While some skeptical scenarios use the idea of a simulated reality to challenge the reliability of human cognition, contemporary technologies such as augmented reality and virtual reality can also inform experience.

• In the Hindu tradition, it is often identified with Brahman as the all-pervasive reality and the supreme principle grounding all being.
• The widely accepted Big Bang theory holds that the universe began about 13.8 billion years ago, initially in an extremely hot, dense state, expanding and cooling ever since.
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• Relativism, another form of anti-realism, holds that what counts as real varies based on one’s perspective or conceptual framework.
• It looks at local salaries, and lifestyle costs in the United States.
• Computer scientists discuss how systems of knowledge representation can organize information about reality and make it accessible to computational processes.

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• Discussed in ancient Greek philosophy as the Eleatic principle, it states that to be real is to be able to produce changes and to be affected by them.
• Contemporary technology in the form of augmented and virtual reality can inform experience and raises questions about the ontological status of virtual objects.
• Anti-realist views reject the mind-independent existence of values and can take various forms.
• Epistemology, another philosophical subdiscipline, explores how people can know reality.
• On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 92 critics’ reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8/10.
• This view contrasts being real with being fake, like the distinction between a real duck and a fake one used as a decoy.

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Some outlooks suggest that only the fundamental level is ultimately real, arguing that non-fundamental entities are in some sense eliminable since reality can be described without them. For example, one view suggests that macroscopic objects, such as a chair, depend on the microscopic objects that underlie them, such as elementary particles. Another structural feature concerns the idea that some entities depend on, or are grounded in, other entities. According to a common view, concrete objects exist in space and time, such as a flower, a horse, and a ship. Events are proposed constituents of reality that occur in time, such as the discovery of penicillin and the Second World War. As individual entities, they contrast with universals, which are general, repeatable entities that can have many instances, such as the color blue, the shape roundness, and the property of being a mammal.
In ancient Greek philosophy starting in the 6th century BCE, the pre-Socratics discussed the first principles from which all things arise. The school of Vaisheshika arose roughly in the 2nd century BCE and developed a system of six fundamental categories of being. Various historiographical debates address the question of whether a truly objective account of the past is possible. Some doctrines hold that God constitutes the most fundamental level of reality as the divine origin of all creation. One strand of the field analyzes culture-specific worldviews and compares them across societies.

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It comprises beliefs, ideas, and attitudes that form a background against which people interpret experiences, make decisions, and navigate life. It holds that the scientific view of the world is either exactly or at least approximately true by presenting reality as it is. By contrast, Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) criticized German idealism and held that a blind, irrational will is the underlying principle of reality. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) rejected the possibility of objective knowledge of the things in themselves, arguing instead that all experience is shaped by the innate structures of human cognition.
Another influential proposal treats mind-independence as a criterion of reality, arguing that real entities do not depend on how people think about them. The Eleatic principle is controversial because it is typically taken to deny that abstract objects studied in fields like mathematics, such as numbers, are real. However, stories about Santa Claus, such as written texts in children’s books, are part of reality since they can influence how people think. Discussed in ancient Greek zumospin casino philosophy as the Eleatic principle, it states that to be real is to be able to produce changes and to be affected by them. Criteria of reality are proposed features or standards that distinguish real entities from unreal ones. In this sense, it is the state of being real or what all real entities have in common, separating them from unreal or illusory ones.
Anti-realist views reject the mind-independent existence of values and can take various forms. For example, psychologism asserts that mathematical objects are mental constructions or ideas rather than abstract objects. It holds that this practice can be useful in some contexts without ascribing substantive or framework-independent reality to such entities. According to conceptualism, universals exist in the mind as concepts through which people categorize and order their impressions, acting as tools of cognitive organization rather than properties of external entities. Platonism about universals holds that they are part of reality in their own right, independent of the particular entities that instantiate them. It holds that the debate is not based on a substantive disagreement but arises instead from conceptual confusions.

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Relativism, another form of anti-realism, holds that what counts as real varies based on one’s perspective or conceptual framework. For example, metaphysical idealism asserts that everything is essentially mental, for instance, by understanding material objects as ideas in the mind. In this sense, reality does not depend on human knowledge or consciousness and exists apart from them, including the aspects that no one is aware of.

Atomists affirm their existence, whereas continuum theorists hold that matter is infinitely divisible. Mereological universalism holds that any collection of entities constitutes a whole, even if the entities are otherwise unrelated. Various theories of the mereological principles underlying composition have been proposed.

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Various categories of being or constituents of reality are discussed in the academic discourse. Similarly, the many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics suggests that in quantum measurements, not only one but all possible outcomes occur, interpreted as a branching of the universe into multiple worlds. It is often contrasted with essence, which denotes the nature or characteristic features of an entity.